2022년 고3 6월 모의고사 38~39번

 

 

38번

Simply maintaining yields at current levels often requires new cultivars and management methods, since pests and diseases continue to evolve, and aspects of the chemical, physical, and social environment can change over several decades. ( ① )In the 1960s, many people considered pesticides to be mainly beneficial to mankind. ( ② ) Developing new, broadly effective, and persistent pesticides often was considered to be the best way to control pests on crop plants. ( ③ ) Since that time, it has become apparent that broadly effective pesticides can have harmful effects on beneficial insects, which can negate their effects in controlling pests, and that persistent pesticides can damage non-target organisms in the ecosystem, such as birds and people. ( ④ ) Very high costs are involved in following all of the procedures needed to gain government approval for new pesticides. ( ⑤ ) Consequently, more consideration is being given to other ways to manage pests, such as incorporating greater resistance to pests into cultivars by breeding and using other biological control methods.

 

단지 현재의 수준으로 수확량을 유지하는 것만도 해충과 질병이 계속 진화하고 있고 화학적, 물리적, 사회적 환경의 양상이 수십 년에 걸쳐 변할 수 있으므로, 보통 새로 운 품종과 관리 기법이 필요하다. 1960년대에 많은 사람은 살충제가 사람들에게 대체 로  유익한  것으로  여겼다.  새롭고  널리  효과를  거두고  지속하는  살충제를  개발하는 것은 흔히 농작물 해충을 통제하는 최고의 방법으로 여겨졌다. 그때 이래로, 널리 효 과를 거두는 살충제가 유익한 곤충에 해로운 영향을 미칠 수 있어서 그것이 해충 통 제 효과를 무효화할 수 있으며, 그 지속하는 살충제는 새와 사람 같은, 생태계의 목 표 외 생물에게 해를 줄 수 있다는 것이 분명해졌다. 또한, 기업들이 새로운 살충제 를, 주요한 이로운 효과는 있지만 부정적인 효과는 거의 없을 수 있는 것들조차, 개 발하는 것이 어려워졌다. 매우 높은 비용이 새로운 살충제에 대한 정부의 승인을 얻 는  데  필요한  모든  절차를  따르는  것에  수반된다.  결과적으로,  다른  생물학적  통제 기법을 개량하여 사용함으로써 품종에 더 강한 해충 저항력을 포함하는 것 같은, 해 충을 관리하는 다른 방법들이 더 많이 고려되고 있다.

 

정답: ④

 

39번

The  dynamics of  collective  detection have an interesting feature. Which  cue(s)  do  individuals  use  as  evidence  of predator attack? In some cases, when an individual detects a predator, its best response is to seek shelter. ( ① ) Departure from the group may signal danger to nonvigilant animals and cause what appears to be a coordinated flushing of prey from the area. ( ② ) Studies on dark-eyed juncos (a type of bird)  support  the  view  that  nonvigilant  animals attend  to departures of individual group mates but that the departure of multiple individuals causes a greater escape response in the nonvigilant individuals. ( ③ ) If one group member departs, it might have done so for a number of reasons that have little to do with predation threat. ( ④ ) If nonvigilant animals escaped each  time  a  single  member left  the  group,  they  would frequently  respond  when  there  was  no  predator  (a  false alarm).

( ⑤ ) On  the  other  hand,  when  several  individuals depart the group at the same time, a true threat is much more likely to be present. [3점]
* predator: 포식자  ** vigilant: 경계하는  *** flushing: 날아오름

 

 

집단적  탐지의  역학은  흥미로운  특징이  있다.  개체들은  어떤  단서를  포식자  공격의 증거로 사용하는가? 어떤 경우에는 개체가 포식자를 탐지할 때 그것의 최선의 반응은 피난하는 것이다. 무리로부터의 이탈은 경계하지 않는 동물들에게 위험 신호를 보내 서 먹잇감 동물이 그 구역에서 조직화되어 날아오르는 것으로 보이는 것을 야기할 수 도 있다. (새의 한 종류인) 검은 눈 검은방울새에 관한 연구는 경계하지 않는 동물들 이 무리 친구들의 개별적 이탈에 주목하지만 여러 개체의 이탈은 경계하지 않는 동물 에게 더 큰 도망 반응을 일으킬 수 있다는 견해를 뒷받침해준다. 이것은 정보 신뢰성 의 관점에서 이치에 맞는다. 무리 구성원 하나가 이탈하는 경우, 그것은 포식 위험과 관계가 거의 없는 여러 이유로 그렇게 했을 수 있다. 경계하지 않는 동물들이 단 하 나의 구성원이 무리를 떠날 때마다 도망한다면, 그것들은 포식자가 전혀 없는 (가짜 경보인)  때에도 자주 반응할 것이다.  반면에 여러 개체가 동시에 무리를 이탈할  때, 진짜 위험이 존재할 가능성이 훨씬 더 크다.

 

 

정답 : ③